The US Influence on the Middle East in the Post

Introduction The international system after the Cold War changed the appearance of the world order drastically. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States of America remained the most powerful country in the world. Thus, the post-Cold War era is characterized by the so-called unipolarity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The US Influence on the Middle East in the Post-Cold War Era specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The dominant position of the United States is a distinctive feature of the post-Cold War period. The relationships between the US and the Middle East underwent significant modifications too. The shift from bipolar to unipolar international system gave the USA possibility to promote the peaceful coexistence of countries in the Middle East, but the failure to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict and the terrorist attacks on 9/11 made the USA prove its supremacy as a superpower. The International System during the Cold War The aim of the essay is to evaluate the impact of the shift from bipolar to the unipolar international system on the Middle East. Consequently, it is necessary to provide an overview of the Cold War period first. The Cold War commenced after the end of the Second World War. The timeframe of this period is 1945-1989. After the overthrow of the Nazi’s Germany, the whole world expected to enter the era of democracy. Nevertheless, the most devastating human war gave rise to the next conflict. The principal feature of the Cold War world was the rivalry between the United Stated of America and the former USSR (Phillips 2001). One should understand that the Cold War was not a conflict only between the USA and the USSR. The whole world was divided into two parts. It was the conflict of ideologies. Several reasons preceded the development of the world order during the Cold War. The role of the USSR in the Second World War predetermined its future position. Thus, the country enlarged its territories after the war. Besides, the USSR’s army achieved the victory at Stalingrad, and it became the watershed moment of the war. This event changed the perception of the USSR. It was known as the country that changed the march of history. Also, the USSR’s ideological system began spreading in European countries. The last significant factor was that the demobilization did not concern the Red Army at the end of the war. The Soviet Union had a superiority regarding military power (CVCE 2015). At the same time, the Soviet Union damages were the most devastating. The country lost almost thirty million people during the war. Its industry was utterly ruined. The USSR had no air or navy forces. It had no nuclear weapon too. Despite all these disadvantages, the country remained the other significant power due to its contributions to the war (Painter Leffler 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The role of the United States of America in the WWII was also significant. Although the country did not have substantial losses, it contributed substantially to the achievement of the common victory. Almost all US Army was demobilized a few months before the end of the war. Nevertheless, the US Army remained the strongest in the world. The US’ air and navy forces were incomparable to any other in the world. Also, the economy of the country was the most powerful. The war destroyed everything in other European countries while the US retained its industrial and agricultural capacities. As a result, the dollar became the primary international currency, and the country established its position in the arena of global politics (CVCE 2015). Even more, the country benefited significantly from the war. Thus, its gross domestic product almost doubled during the period of the WWII. The country was the only producer of n uclear weapons until 1949 (Painter Leffler 2005). National Interests in the Middle East The Cold War did not begin in the Middle East. Nevertheless, the Middle East always a played a substantial part in the international affairs. Khalidi (2009) provides readers with four main points concerning the role of the Middle East in the international system during the Cold War. The author starts with the fact that territories of the Middle East have always been used for particular activities of European states. Khalidi (2009, p. 15) writes that ‘the Middle East was an important arena for the operation of the traditional European state system, but Middle Eastern countries were not fully accepted as a part of that system’. The author provides the Ottoman Empire as the example. The Empire controlled vast areas in the southern Europe. Although European states participated in the intensive rivalry with the Ottoman Empire, the latter was not regarded as a part of the international sy stem despite its might. Khalidi (2009) also emphasizes the fact that the European countries do not want to recognize non-Christian societies as equal. The second point refers to the idea of the promotion of independence and integration. During the Cold War period, the United Nations Charter and the Covenant of the League of Nations were proclaimed. According to these treaties, countries unified as participants in the new international order. Again, some states of the Middle East were not included in these agreements. For example, the Palestinians, the Armenians, and the Kurds were not given the possibility to enjoy the international world order (Khalidi 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The US Influence on the Middle East in the Post-Cold War Era specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The third idea of the author concerns the role of the Middle East’ territories in Western rivalries. Despite changes in the international system, the Middle East remained the primary field for the struggle between two supreme powers — the US and the Soviet Union. Thus, both states aimed at achieving dominance over the region. Khalidi (2009, p. 16) claims, ‘states and peoples in the Middle East were essential objects but were generally not allowed to be subjects, of international relations’. The bipolar Cold War engaged such countries as Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Syria, Israel, and Egypt in the rivalry. Consequently, people and weak states were victims of the polarized world. Finally, the author points at the ineffectiveness of the international systems. The task of the international unions such as United Nations is to promote a peaceful existence of all countries. It is logical that United Nations should restrict USA’s intentions to became a dominant power in the Middle East. On the contrary, it seemed that such actions were even favored. The degree to which the US was allowed to ac t in Iraq and Palestine should serve as examples of the statement. Plans for the Middle East Both the United States of America and the Soviet Union had particular intentions concerning the Middle East. However, their targets were not interconnected initially. Before the development of rivalry with the USSR, America’s primary interest in the Middle East concerned oil. According to Sasley (2014), the United States produced two-thirds of the total oil output in the world. A few years later, the government realized that the source of petroleum was not endless. The only solution was to look for foreign sources of oil. Otherwise, America would lose its power. Initially, the Soviet Union had domestic motives for the expansion in the Middle East (Dannreuther 2012). As Sasley (2014) writes, all Russian czars shared the idea of the necessity to expand Russian territories. Central Asia and the Middle East were ideal areas for expansion. However, the plan was difficult to realize because of crucial differences between nations. Also, Communists were afraid of potential rebels. The competition between countries began when both the US and the Soviet Union realized the need to prevent the expansion of the rival state. Haliday (2005) differentiates four stages of the Cold War that are characterized by particular effects on the Middle East.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The first phase commenced immediately after the end of the WWII in 1945 and lasted until 1955. The conflict occurred in the â€Å"northern tier† — non-Arab countries (Turkey and Iran) that underwent massive devastation from both the USSR and the USA (Harbutt 2010). During the second stage, the USSR enhanced the power of several radical countries of the Middle East including Syria, Iraq, and Egypt. At the same time, the USA supported Jordan and Saudi Arabia (conservative countries). This period resulted in deep crisis known as the â€Å"Arab Cold War† (Immerman Goedde 2013). The next stage started in 1975 and lasted until 1985. It was the period of the most intense rivalry between the US and the USSR. During that phase, the relationships between countries of the Middle East aggravated. It resulted in the protracted Afghanistan war. According to Ajami (1978), such situation led to the end of the pan-Arabism. The decline of the Muslim order and unity was caused by rivalry between the US and the USSR, the Palestine defeat, the Six Day War, and the Arab-Israeli conflict. The last stage had positive effects on the Middle East. Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the USSR. He promoted the idea of â€Å"new thinking†. As Zubok (2007, p. 304) writes, ‘this man [Mikhail Gorbachev] did more than anyone else to the end of the Cold War between East and West’. Gorbachev’s political activity resulted in the recognition of Israel by PLO, the end of the Iraq-Iran war, the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, and the unity of two Yemens (Haliday 2005). The International System during the Post-Cold War Period The Cold War ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union. As a result, only one major power left — the USA. The international system shifted from bipolar to unipolar. The end of the Cold War had both positive and adverse effects on the world and the Middle East, in particular. On the one hand, the rivalry b etween ideologies ended. Consequently, conflicts between them ended too. On the contrary, other conflicts arose, especially in post-Soviet areas (Yilmaz 2008). Monteiro (2012) defines three distinctive features of the unipolar system. First, an inter-state system presupposes the peaceful coexistence of many states. Second, the unipolar system is anarchic. Anarchy means the inability to control all places in the world at the same time. Third, power is not balanced in the unipolar system due to the lack of competition. Once there is a competitive force, it is no longer a unipolar system. The impact of the USA’s dominance on the Middle East The history of the Middle East changed drastically since the end of the Cold War. The United States of America increased its hegemony in the Middle East region. There were no rivals to oppose the country. As a result, countries of the Middle East fell under the influence of the US. The history of the USA’s impact on the Middle East dur ing the post-Cold War era concerns four major events. These events include the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the Israeli-Palestinian Declaration of Principles, terrorist attack on September 9 in 2001, and the occupation of Iraq in 2003. All these experiences are extremely controversial from the point of view of their effectiveness and necessity. On the one hand, the US promoted peace in the Middle East and opposed terrorist organizations. On the contrary, the US followed particular national purposes and interfered in the political system of the Middle East. In the following part of the paper, all main events will be examined separately. The Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait Saddam Hussein, being the president of Iraq, initiated the invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi troops in 1990. Hussein engaged one hundred thousand troops to invade small Kuwait. The latter had no more than fifteen thousand troops to oppose Iraqi forces (Rice 2009). The reason for conflict referred to Iraq’s urgent need to sta bilize its economy. After the war in 1988, Iraq was bankrupt. Kuwait was rich in oil resources. Iraq’s government claimed to Kuwait as a territory of Iraq. Initially, the United Stated did not interfere in the conflict. Together with UN, they imposed sanctions on Iraq and followed the policy of condemnation. Nevertheless, such reaction did not bring any result. Later, Saudi Arabia, the neighbor of Kuwait, asked the US to provide military assistance. The US became interested in the protection of Kuwait as far as it was close to Saudi Arabia. As far as Kuwait was not far from Saudi Arabia’s oil fields, Hussein had the opportunity to seize them as well. Consequently, there was a need to react adequately. The US initiated the mission known as Operation Desert Storm to prevent the invasion (Gulf War, n.d.). Kuwait was liberated although the conflict was not resolved. This event aggravated the relationships between Iraq and the US. On the other hand, the US protected rights of the state and promoted peace in the Middle East. The Israeli-Palestinian Declaration of Principles The US participated in the long-lasting Arab-Israeli conflict since its inception. In the post-Cold War period, the US aimed at promoting peace in both Israel and Palestine. The interference of the US positively affected this issue. The USA, being the superpower, did not need Israel to oppose the Soviet Union anymore. At the same time, Palestine lost the support of the USSR and was more open to collaboration (Ross 2010). Consequently, the USA promoted the collaboration. The USA insisted on negotiations. As a result, both countries recognized each other according to the Israeli-Palestinian Declaration of Principles in 1993. (Beinin Hajjar 2014). Unfortunately, armistice did not last for a long time. In September 2000, the second intifada (military resistance) started again. This event became one of the prerequisites that changed the US’s attitude towards the Middle East. 9/11 and the US occupation of Iraq in 2003 Terrorist attacks in 2001 altered the USA’s intentions towards the Middle East. At September 11, two hijacked planes were purposely directed into twin towers of the World Trade Centre (McGoldrick 2004). This event was extremely stressful for the whole world. It undermined hope into bright future. The superpower of the world, the USA, turned out to be vulnerable to terrorist attacks. As Rice (2008, p. 5) stated, the United States of America supported the Middle East for sixty years, but ‘after September 11, it became increasingly apparent that this old bargain had produced false stability’. This event made President Bush proclaim the War on Terror and change the foreign policy towards the Middle East. The USA aimed at proving its superiority and ability to protect residents of the country. Events of 9/11 were directly connected to the occupation of Iraq in 2003. President Bush accused Saddam Hussein in the organization of the terrorist attack. Nevertheless, these claims remained unproven though they led to the invasion of Iraq. According to Hinnebusch (2007), there were other motives for the invasion. The advantageous location of the Middle East countries and the hegemony over oil market were unacceptable for the USA. Besides, the country faced the urgent need to increase its oil bases. Iraq had the second largest reserve of petroleum in the world. As far as Saddam Hussein hold the office of president, it was impossible to come to the agreement. Thus, the war with Iraq as a terrorist country was the ideal solution to the problem. Conclusion During the Cold War, the rivalry between the USA and the Soviet Union aggravated the situation in many countries in the Middle East. The end of the Cold War led to the formation of one superpower, the USA, and its dominance in the international arena. The USA assisted the Middle East in opposing Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait and resolving the Israeli-Palestinian c onflict. Nevertheless, the terrorist attacks on September 11 changed the USA’s foreign policy drastically. Reference List Ajami, F 1978, ‘The End of Pan-Arabism,’ Foreign Affairs, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 355-373. Beinin, J Hajjar, L 2014, Palestine, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Web. CVCE 2015, The Cold War. Web. Dannreuther, R 2012, ‘Russia and the Middle East: A Cold War Paradigm,’ Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 543-560. Gulf War n.d.Web. Haliday, F 2005, The Middle East in International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Harbutt, F 2010, Yalta 1945: Europe and America at the Crossroads, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Hinnebusch, R 2007, ‘The American Invasion of Iraq: Causes and Consequences,’ Perceptions, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 9-27. Immerman, R Goedde, P 2013, The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Khalidi, T 2009, Sowing Crisis, Beacon Press, Boston. McGoldrick, D 2 004, From 9-11 to Iraq War 2003, Hart Publishing, Oxford. Monteiro, N 2012, ‘Unrest Assured,’ International Security, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 9-40. Painter, D Leffler, M 2005, Origins of the Cold War, Routledge, London. Phillips, S 2001, The Cold War: Conflict In Europe and Asia, Heinemann, Frankfurt. Rice, C 2008, ‘Rethinking the National Interest: American Realism for a New World,’ Foreign Affairs, vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 1-10. Rice, E 2009, Overview of the Persian Gulf War, 1990, Mitchell Lane Publishers, Inc., Newark. Ross, S 2010, The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Hachette, Paris. Sasley, B 2014, The Cold War in the Middle East, Mason Crest, Broomall. Yilmaz, M 2008, ‘The New World Order: an Outline of the Post-Cold War Era,’ Turkish Journal of International Relations, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 44-58. Zubok, V 2007, A Failed Empire: A Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. This essay on The US Influence on the Middle East in the Post-Cold War Era was written and submitted by user Houston Hendricks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

ACT Registration Dates and Deadlines (2019, 2020)

ACT Registration Dates and Deadlines (2019, 2020) SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips To ensure you have asolid ACT study plan, you must firstfamiliarizeyourself with ACT registration dates.What and when are the most important ACT deadlines?How can knowing these deadlines benefit you as a test taker? In this article, we go over upcoming ACT registration dates and examine the general patterns of ACT registration deadlines. We also discuss the differences in deadlines for late registration, standby registration, and changes to your test reservation before wrapping up with a look athow you can use ACT deadlines to your advantage. When Are ACT Registration Dates for 2019 and 2020? ACT registration dates are typicallyfive weeks and one day before each test. For the February and July test dates (the July date is a new addition to the ACT testing schedule as of 2018), ACT registration dates are usually four weeks and one dayprior to their respective test dates. In other words, eachACT registration deadline falls on a Friday around amonth before eachtest. The table below presents upcoming ACT registration deadlines and test dates for 2019 and 2020. All of these dates have been officially confirmed by ACT, Inc.Note that the late registration deadlines apply to testing sessions in the U.S. and Canadaonly. ACT Test Date Normal ACT Registration Deadline Late ACT Registration Deadline Standby Request Deadline September 14, 2019 August 16, 2019 August 30, 2019 September 6, 2019 October 26, 2019 September 20, 2019 October 4, 2019 October 18, 2019 December 14, 2019 November 8, 2019 November 22, 2019 December 6, 2019 February 8, 2020 January 10, 2020 January 17, 2020 January 31, 2020 April 4, 2020 February 28, 2020 March 13, 2020 March 27, 2020 June 13, 2020 May 8, 2020 May 22, 2020 June 5, 2020 July 18, 2020* June 19, 2020 June 26, 2020 July 10, 2020 **Not scheduled internationally or in New York or California. The normal ACT registration dates are the latest dates on which you can register for the ACT without having topay a latefee.Once a normal registration deadline has passed, you can still register for that test during itslate registration period; however, you'll have to pay a late fee of $30. If you miss the late registration deadline, you can sign up for standby testing by paying a standby fee of $53. The standby period begins immediately after the late registration deadline and continues until exactly eight days before the test date. Standby requests are not guaranteed and are only available on a first-come, first-served basis. But what abouthow early you can register for the ACT? ACT testing years follow school years from fall to summer; thus,registration opens for all ACT test dates in a testing year every July. This means that starting this July, you’ll be able to register for any 2019-2020 ACT test date, from as early as the September 2019 test date to as late as the July 2020 test date. Now that we’ve covered the basics of ACT registration dates, let’s take a look at some of thekey ACT deadlines and fees you'll need to know before signing up for a test session. There goes that two-dollar bill you've been saving since you were 5. Important ACT Deadlines Fees In addition to normal ACT registration deadlines, there are also deadlines for phone registration, late registration, standby testing, and changes to test reservations. The following table presents an overview of these major ACT deadlines and the fees associated with them. Please note that no matter when or how you register for the ACT, you must alwayspay a test registration fee, whichwill be either $50.50 for the ACT without Writing or $67 for the ACT with Writing. (If you qualify for an ACT fee waiver, however, you won't have to pay this fee.) Deadline Fee Normal Registration Typically 5 weeks and 1 day before test date;4 weeks and 1 day before February and July test dates $0 Phone Registration* Same as normal registration deadlines $15 Late Registration (U.S. Canada only) Typically 2 weeks after normal registration deadline;1 week after normal registration deadlines for February and July test dates $30 Standby Request Typically 8 days before test date $53** Test Date Changes No later than thelate registration deadline for your preferred test date $30*** Test Center Changes No later than thelate registration deadline for your test date $30*** *To register by phone, you need tohave previously registered for the ACT. **This fee, along with the registration fee, will be refunded to you if you are not given a seat on test day. ***Late fees still apply if you are submitting your request after the normal registration period has already passed. Next, we'll look at the benefits of knowing ACT registration dates. What Do ACT Registration Deadlines Mean for YOU? So farwe’ve given youa list of upcoming ACT registration datesalong with a detailed overview of ACT deadlines and fees. But what can you actually do with all of this information? For one, knowing ACT registration dates allows you to choose a test date ahead of time and avoid paying any late fees. Whileyou certainly don't need tomemorize all of the ACT deadlines above, knowthis:normal registration deadlines are usually about a month before their respective test dates. As long as you can remember this fact,you’ll always be able toplan out your ACT schedule accordingly and avoid spending more money than you need to on the test. On a related note, if you'relooking to save as much money as possible, try to regard each normal registration deadline as the latest possible deadline. This way you’ll never be tempted to fork out extra money for late registration or standby testing. ACT registration deadlines also give youa rough idea as tohow much study time you’ll have beforeyour test. For example, if you were to register for an ACT test date right before its normal registration deadline, you'd only have amonth or so to study for the test. Even more challenging, let's sayyou were to register for an ACT test date at the end of the late registration period. In this case, you'donly have aboutthree weeks to prepare for the test - and you'd have to pay a $30 late fee on top of that! Although both of these ACT prep plans are technically feasible, three or four weeks isn’t a whole lot of study time. Instead, werecommend spending anywhere fromtwo to six monthsstudying for the ACT. Therefore,it's best to registerat least a month before your desired test date’s normal registration deadline. Doing this guarantees you a minimum of eight to nine weeks for dedicated ACT prep. Ultimately, unless a certain ACT testdate is your last opportunity to take the test before your college applications are due, it'll be best for you to avoid registeringlate! What’s Next? Need help choosing an ACT test date? No matter your grade level or college plans,our full guide toACT test datesoffers premier adviceon how to pinpointthe ACT test date (or dates!) that'll work perfectly for you. Ready to get started?Register for the ACT usingour step-by-step guide! Andif you're home-schooled, we've got you covered, too! Want to learn more about upcoming ACT test dates? Our article on future ACT test dates tells you everything you need to know about taking the ACT in 2019, 2020, and 2021. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Being Virtuous Though Confucius, Krishna and Socrates Essay Example for Free

Being Virtuous Though Confucius, Krishna and Socrates Essay From the beginning of time, the quest of all humans has been to discover how to live the good life. What is a good life exactly? This term will mean different things to different people, and yet I believe there are the same ingredients that all â€Å"good lives† share, even from the classic Eurasian time until present day. Virtues of character, which are also called ‘moral virtues’, seem to be more complex and are an integral part of the completeness of life that is said is necessary for a good life. There seems to be a pattern with people of always trying to achieve being a good person. Is being a good person the answer to having a good life? The Author, Robert W. Strayer makes the point that Confucius, Krishna and Socrates had opinions of ways to a good life but they are all different from one to the other. I will argue that there is a pattern between the three and that the belief to the good life is the same throughout the writings. The saying that history repeats itself is certainly true, but it is also true that people all want to live good lives. Confucius believes living a good life is being virtuous and treating others with respect creates the kind of person that then is given the good life. Being a leader he believed that ruling under an iron fist didn’t create people that respected him and that listened to the law, instead using kindness and sincerity gave the people an example of how to live. He says, â€Å"Let him be ? nal and kind to all; then they will be faithful to him. Let him advance the good and teach the incompetent; then they will eagerly seek to be virtuous† (pg. 218). He also goes on to describe forgiveness which is an essential component in all of the opinions on what is a good life. If one is not being virtuous they can change, which tells us that people are never intended to be perfect but to continue to strive for goodness is always better than to never attempt to be good. That same ideal is true to our modern world. â€Å"To subdue one’s self and return to propriety is perfect virtue. If a man can for one day subdue and return to propriety, all under heaven will ascribe perfect virtue to him† (pg. 219). According to Confucius seeking to be virtuous will bring the good life. In Strayers words he associates the ideas of Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita as being different than those of Confucius. I believe that essentially they are one in the same. Krishna says, â€Å"a man possessed of a pure understanding, controlling his self by courage discarding sound and other objects of sense, casting off affection and aversion, who frequents clean places, who eats little, who’s speech, body, and mind are restrained who is always intent with meditation and mental abstraction and has recourse to unconcern who abandoning egoism, stubbornness, arrogance, desire, anger and all belongings, has no thought that this or that is mine, and who is tranquil becomes fit for assimilation with the Brahmah† (pg. 21). Krishna is telling us that controlling one’s self and the environment one keeps one’s self in, the abandonment of being stubborn and arrogant all contributes to a virtuous soul, which in turn leads to the good life. This point is exactly what Confucius and Krishna share the same opinion finding that mean or middle ground, that balance or yin and yang, is essential to establishing a completeness which develops virtue is vital in order to lead a successful, fulfilling life ultimately leading to happiness. Socrates also collaborates these same thoughts He states, â€Å"For I do nothing but go about persuading you all, old and young alike, not to take thought for your persons and your properties, but ? rst and chie? y to care about the greatest improvement of the soul† (pg. 223). He spent his life trying to convince people to strive to be better people. This is one of the most important things to do in order to find happiness. Socrates believed that the state of one’s soul is the answer to happiness and that there is always improvement that can be made to one’s soul. His mission was to encourage people to think for themselves and thus become more virtuous. Socrates was sentenced to death and as he is near his final moments He says, â€Å"The dif? culty, my friends, is not in avoiding death, but in avoiding unrighteousness† (pg. 223). He also shared the same ideas of Confucius and Krishna that living righteously is the key to the good life. In conclusion what creates a good life for an individual person? It appears to be the same answer that Confucius, Krishna and Socrates had during each of their lives. They learned the same thing that people look for and believe in today. We continue to search for the same answers, but I think the answers are very clear in what history tells us and we learn from these brilliant men, Confucius, Krishna, and Socrates. To be virtuous is having a life with moral integrity and having or showing moral goodness or righteousness. It means being honorable to others and yourself in which will gain the honor and respect from others. Virtue is a belief used to make moral decisions. It does not rely on religion, society or culture; it only depends on the individuals themselves. Virtue has more to do with the character of a person than their earthly riches and possessions. As people continual strive to become a better people, practicing virtuous acts regularly helps develop the good life and they are examples to others striving for the same thing. I believe in what Confucius, Krishna and Socrates taught us, that being a good person is the foundation on which everything else in life is built on, and this I believe is the answer to having the good life. Being Virtuous Though Confucius, Krishna and Socrates. (2016, Oct 02).

Depression Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Depression Research Paper - Essay Example As a mood or affect or emotional state, depression is part of normal human experience. Feelings of sadness and disappointment are within the vicissitudes of the normal human condition. The distinction between normal mood and abnormal depression is not always clear, although considerable research on diagnostic criteria is underway, and neither psychiatrists nor other clinicians agree on the precise line between normal and psychopathological affective phenomena. Diagnosis is especially difficult for the large number of patients with episodes of mood change in which a recent precipitating event appears significant, especially since clinicians tend to credit depressive reactions to such stressful events when they are apparent. As a pathological symptom, depression often occurs in association with other psychiatric and medical illnesses, which makes precise diagnosis even harder. For example, in elderly people the differential diagnosis between early senile dementia and depression may be difficult. The term "secondary depression" has been proposed to encompass these symptomatic depression states. In clinical psychiatric practice, however, most depressive symptoms are "primary," that is, without apparent association with preexistent or concomitant illness. Each year, between 4 and 8 percent of the population experiences a clinical depressive syndrome, a constellation of symptoms in which the mood disturbance is accompanied by sleep difficulty, change in appetite, retardation of thinking, and attitudes of hopelessness, helplessness, pessimism, and even suicidal tendencies. Moreover, since these symptoms often persist, the diagnostic criteria embodied in the third edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, known as DSM-III, require at least two weeks' duration of such symptoms, plus evidence that their intensity and pervasiveness have impaired the individual's usual social role performance and personal activities. (Brett Silverstein, Emily Blumenthal, 1997). THE BIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION The human brain is extremely sophisticated; indeed, it is far more complicated and versatile than even the most powerful modern computer. It contains in excess of 100 billion brain cells, known as neurones, each of which is connected to many other neurones. If you look at them under a microscope, neurones appear as thin wires connecting little blobs of brain tissue. However, even with strong magnification the neurone-to-neurone connections, known as synapses, are not apparent. Synapses can be electrical but the majority are chemical. A signal from one part of the brain travels to another-as a series of electrical impulses-along neurones. Where two neurones meet, the signal is carried across the synapse by the release of a tiny balloon-like packet of 'neurotransmitter', in which a message-carrying chemical is carefully packaged. Once released into the synapse this balloon immediately ruptures, releasing its chemical contents, which are then free to quickly migrate across the synapse

Pathopharmacology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pathopharmacology - Essay Example There are left-ventricular, right-ventricular, acute, and chronic heart failures. An estimated 70 percent of the patient populations have been found to have systolic heart failure (Mann, 2010). Additionally, the most common etiology of the systolic heart failure is ischemic heart disease. The pure diastolic heart failure may be caused by hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and both hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathies. Clinical manifestation of heart failure include weight gain, dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, peripheral edema, JVD, tachycardia, hepatosplenomegaly, ascites, fatigue, weakness, nausea, poor appetite, renal hypoperfusion, and chachexia. Neurohormonal responses to heart failure are adaptive at first, and then become deleterious when they are sustained. Modern treatment of heart failure is based on neurohormonal modulation. (Steimle, 2007) Management of heart failure is a very complex issue that is why heart failure care needs to be delivered in a multi-professional manner. Although the standard of practise of managing heart failure has some consensus among healthcare providers, I based my heart failure disease management on the clinical guidelines that I developed at my organization. Using the clinical guidelines I was able to identify, summarize, and evaluate the highest quality evidence and most current data about prevention, diagnose, prognoses, and provide therapy including medications and cost-effectiveness. Using my clinical guidelines that I developed in the place I worked, I noted that there are four stages in the heart failure development namely stage A, B, C, and D. According to McDonagh et al. (2011), those patients who are in stage A and B usually do not have heart failure. However, they have risk factors that predispose them towards heart failure development. Patients in stage C comprise of those people with current or past

Violence against women Essay Example for Free

Violence against women Essay Doctors have a big role on violence against women. For example; women are afraid of their husbands and they don’t tell the truth to the doctors. They lie about their injuries. How does the process work in Turkey? The cause of the injuries can be understood by the doctor in the emergency services and the other branches which the victims call upon. The experienced doctors have some methods to determine whether the injury is caused by pounding or a accident. The doctors have a huge role because women are afraid to tell that they are being pounded. However if the victims trust their doctors, they feel much more free to tell their problems. This is valid for all of the doctors but it is more important for the psychiatrist because getting beated is shameful and women are afraid of being isolated from the society. In our society there is a understanding that what happens in the family stays in the family. Therefore even the polices are afraid to interfere. The families hesitate to externalize it because they are afraid of bad reputations. They don’t want to dechiper it. Violence has a contagious side so it is cover by the families to stop it for getting serious. When it is covered, the perpetrators don’t understand the power of the victims. Violence is a act that is applied by the stonger ones to the weaker ones. To feel the weaknesness and the desperation of the weaker ones, provokes the violence. Actually it is a though situation for the perpetrators too. The perpetrator should be examined because getting some help can relax them. For example, a girl and a boy’s mother is being exposed to violence by their father,how does the situation affect the children? It affects them differently. First of when it is examined, it is seen that the perpetrator had eaxposed to violence in the past. For some cases, the perpetrator identifies with their perpetrators. However for some cases, it damages the witness and cause depression and anxiety. Or it causes not physical violence but verbal violence.For example insulting.It is much more difficult to treath.

Old Navy and the Infantilization of the American Consumer :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Old Navy and the Infantilization of the American Consumer It is certain that the Old Navy store is full of clothes and accessories for all shapes, sizes and genders. Its presupposition, however, is that all shapes, sizes and genders will be of one primary inclination: that of the infant. In front of me as I peruse the Old Navy is a pink purse with metallic flecks infused into its plasticine construction. I find this purse in the "Woman's" section, next to the display rack full of puffy-sleeved t-shirts, whimsically cut blouses, flare pants and lo-rider blue-jeans embroidered with alarmingly cute curlicues. All this is, appropriately enough for a consumer juggernaut like Old Navy, sized to fit the adult woman. What is revealed in the Old Navy is an ideology, objectification of the self-as-consumerist entity, indeed of the child-as-consumer to a patriarchal Capitalism. Althusser asks it this way: Why do [people] "need" this imaginary transposition of their real conditions of existence in order to "represent to themselves" their real conditions of existence? (241) In the case of Old Navy, the answer lies in the combined natures of Capitalism and the infantilist regression it engenders. Capitalist objectification of the self, the subjectification of Althusser, begins with the Old Navy ad. Here, kindly old mother-figures or warm and attractive young women assure us in their slightly lobotomized ways that shopping at the Old Navy is "fun," that their cargo pants are all the rage, that their carpenter jeans are the perfect thing. The representation of the self as Platonic form in the person of the model on the television screen recreates the self as consumer object: [I]t is not their real condition of existence, their real world that "men" "represent to themselves" in ideology, but above all it is their relation to those conditions of existence which is represented to them there. (Althusser 242) Ideology is created by the double-movement of idealization and desire. The model, the idealized Capitalist figure for the self, creates its own ideological structure as a means to selfing, as an objectified desired on the official apparatus of the communication and creation of Capitalist ideology, the television screen: [H]is ideas are his material actions inserted into material rituals which are themselves defined by material ideological apparatus from which derive the ideas of that subject, (Althusser 243) that subject of ideology, that objectified self. Thus the consumer is removed from the self by the ideological system of the Old Navy ad.

Western And Traditional Healing Africa Health And Social Care Essay

Traditional therapists have a important function to play constructing the wellness system in Africa. This paper aims to compare the usage of western medical specialty and traditional medical specialty. The paper aims to place similarities and differences between western and African constructs of diseases, remedy and effectual patient attention. It argues for the ordinance of traditional therapists and traditional medical specialty, every bit good as for the application of human rights rules within the traditional healing profession. The usage of western and traditional medical specialty depends on many factors such as the handiness of financess to entree the drugs. It besides depends on an person ‘s beliefs and civilization. Most African people rely fundamentally on traditional medical specialty on about all their unwellnesss chiefly because they trust its utilizations and they are so doubting to utilize western medical specialty chiefly because they do non swear it. This paper concludes with schemes by WHO to harmonize the two groups of practicians but it will take a piece before the groups agree on working together. In this paper a comparing of Western medical specialties and African traditional medical specialties shall be made. The intent of this paper is to place similarities and differences between Western and African constructs of diseases, remedy and effectual patient attention. Harmonizing to Germov ( 2007, p. 8 ) Western Medicine is â€Å" the conventional attack to medicate in western societies, based on the diagnosing and account of unwellness as a mulfunction of the organic structure ‘s biological mechanisms. † It encompasses a scope of wellness attention patterns evolved to keep and reconstruct wellness by the bar and intervention of unwellness Hewson ( 1998 ) . WHO defines Traditional medical specialty as â€Å" the sum sum of cognition, accomplishments and patterns based on theories, beliefs and experiences autochthonal to different civilizations that are used to keep wellness, every bit good as to forestall, name, better or handle physical and mental unwellnesss † . Traditional medical specialty that has been adopted by other populations outside its ain civilization is frequently termed alternate or complementary medical specialty ( WHO, 2008 ) . Helwig ( 2005 ) claimed that primary therapists in traditional African medical specialty are accoucheuses, herb doctor and diviners. Diviners focus on the root causes of illness by the hereditary liquors ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Midwifes use herbs and local workss to help with gestation and childbearing ( Helwig, 20005 ) . Herbalists use carnal, workss and mineral based medical specialties to bring around diseases ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Herb market and herb trading is a really common pattern in many African states ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Harmonizing to Okpako ( 2006 ) traditional African communities have three chief groups of workss they use to bring around serious unwellnesss, toxicant workss and workss for minor unwellnesss. Plants used for minor unwellnesss treat unwellnesss such as concerns ; contusions and hurting febrility are used without audience of religious therapists ( Okpako, 2006 ) . Plants used for serious unwellnesss are used when covering with life endangering unwellnesss and need the intercession of religious therapists, what the patient gets is holistic intervention ( Okpako, 2006 ) . Okpako ( 2006 ) stated that as for the toxicant workss, many African communities recognise it merely from experience with it or from inadvertent toxic condition. Okpako ( 2006 ) claimed that in most African states, many people western medical specialties are out of their range as they do non hold money to purchase the drugs and so they resort to traditional medical specialty is it inexpensive. Traditional African medical specialty is based on accrued experience of antediluvian Africans ( Okpako, 2006 ) . Traditional African medical specialty ‘s manner of transmittal is spread by word of oral cavity and has hindered exigency of a by and large accepted theory and hence of the systematic development of traditional African medical specialty as a self-acting profession ( Okpako, 2006 ) . Traditional African medical specialty practicians are therapists who believe that their methods can bring around many conditions including malignant neoplastic disease, AIDS, mental jobs, sterility, some sexually transmitted diseases, lesions and Burnss every bit good as many other complaints and conditions ( Helwig, 2005 ) Good wellness is linked to a right relationship between people and their supernatural environment ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Harmonizing to Helwig ( 2005 ) among the traditional therapists, being able to name an unwellness is considered a gift from both God and the ascendants. Helwig claimed that â€Å" a major accent is placed on finding the root cause underlying any illness or bad fortune † . Illness is said to stem from deficiency of balance between the patient and his or her environment, ( Helwig, 2005 ) Diviners may utilize workss non merely for mending intents but besides to command conditions and events, ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Helwig ( 2005 ) stated that â€Å" in add-on to workss, traditional African therapists may use appeals, conjurations and casting of enchantments † . They are besides skilled in psychotherapeutics and guidance ( Helwig, 2005 ) . African mending systems recognise the influence of the head on the human well being ( Helwig, 2005 ) . They recognise the negative emotions such as fright, guilt and hatred can take to illness ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Rituals are undertaken to pacify the enraged hereditary liquors, patients need to do confessions in order for the liquors to forgive them and be good ( Helwig, 2005 ) . The rites attach toing the usage of herbal medical specialty is referred to as â€Å" conjuration † . Incantation is a aggregation of carefully chosen words used to convey mending consequence or deciding emotional struggle in the head of the patient ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Liquors of the ascendants protect their life posterities, nevertheless ascendants demand from their descendent ‘s rigorous attachment to the moral Torahs laid down ( Helwig, 2005 ) . An immoral act for illustration incest is believed to rag the liquors ensuing in serious unwellness or bad luck ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Harmonizing to WHO, 80 % of the African population depends on traditional medical specialty for primary wellness attention. In Ghana, Mali, Nigeria and Zambia, 60 % of kids with high febrility ensuing from malaria usage herbal medical specialty at place. Lovell ( 2009 ) claimed that persons enduring from hurting, anxiousness, depression, concerns and weariness usage alternate medical specialty. WHO estimates that several African states pattern traditional birth with the aid of traditional accoucheuses who uses autochthonal workss to help childbearing. WHO ( 2008 ) claimed that 70 % to 80 % of the population in western states has used some signifier of alternate or complementary medical specialty for illustration stylostixis. As noted by Germov ( 2007 ) there are varied grounds why alternate medical specialty is so popular at the disbursal of western medical specialty. When people get ill they need to cognize the causes of the unwellness, enduring or even decease ( Germov, 2007 ) . In Western medical specialty, the traditional position that unwellness was caused by religious immorality is no longer valid. Alternate medical specialty that have an account to causes of unwellnesss and enduring have a greater entreaty ( Germov, 2007 ) . The desire to accomplish a more holistic signifier of attention may be a motivative factor as to why patients choose traditional medical specialty ( Lovell, 2009 ) . In most African states, drugs are out of range to many people as they do non hold the money to purchase them. The lone solution available is to fall back to traditional medical specialty as it is inexpensive and dependable ( Okpako, 2006 ) . Most African people are so disbelieving to seek western medical specialty. The chief ground is that they are afraid to seek something new and prefer to go on utilizing their old manner of seeking medical aid that is the usage of traditional medical specialty ( Okpako, 2006 ) . As stated by Germov ( 2007 ) people have lost trust in western medical specialty. Many toxins found in the drugs have drove people off from the usage of it. Peoples have besides lost trust in scientific experts, they blame them on about all the environmental jobs such as planetary heating, oil spills and even acerb rain ( Germov, 2007 ) . Germov ( 2007 ) claimed that there is a good relationship between ‘personal ‘ therapist and patient. Personal therapists take their clip to listen and supply seamster made intervention to the single client. By so making they create a strong bond which can take up to swear and trueness. Wilcox & A ; Bodeker ( 2004 ) reported that in most African states the rise in drug oppositions and jobs in accessing effectual anti -malarial drugs in both distant and underprivileged countries has forced people to fall back to traditional medical specialty as their beginning of intervention. As noted by Marlise ( 2004 ) clash is apparent between western medical specialties that look at stuff causing to understand and handle an unwellness and traditional medical specialty that by and large looks towards the religious beginning such as witchery and displeasure by ascendants in order to bring around an complaint. Harmonizing to Marlise ( 2004 ) there has been media studies of traditional therapists claiming to hold a remedy for AIDS and subject their patients to unsafe or uneffective interventions. Marlise ( 2004 ) stated that amongst some people in Africa, it is believed that if a ill individual does non acquire intervention and dies, his or her spirit will do more diseases. Harmonizing to Marlise ( 2004 ) a figure of traditional therapists have seen a moneymaking chance of bring arounding people populating with HIV/AIDS in the absence of biomedicine and a figure of developing states do non hold entree to anti-retroviral medicine or equal wellness attention to those populating with HIV/AIDS. The WHO describes the jobs related to clinical informations on traditional medical specialty as steming from the hapless quality of informations and besides the methodological analysis used as being below the stipulated criterion. WHO ( 2008 ) claimed that traditional therapists need to advance both their published and unpublished informations inorder for them to derive support from the whole universe. Lovell ( 2009 ) stated that the spread between western medical specialty and traditional medical specialty practicians is increasing. As stated by Lovell, â€Å" traditional therapists do non believe that their patterns are guaranteed worldwide and their statement is that the efficaciousness of their merchandise has stood the trial of clip † . All in all the usage of western and African traditional medical specialty depends on an person ‘s beliefs and civilization. It besides depends on the handiness of financess to seek intervention. In Africa most people can non afford to beginning western medical specialty chiefly because it is really expensive and so they resort to their traditional medicine chiefly because it is cheaper. Precautions need to be taken carefully as there are a batch of side effects associated with the continued usage of traditional medical specialty. Some of the side effects might take to paroxysms or even decease.

Eco Plastic Solution Essay

This case focuses on determination of the cost of capital for a firm. The student determines the cost of individual sources of financing, including long-term debt, preferred stock, and common stock. The cost of debt is adjusted for Eco Plastics’ 40% tax bracket. The company is considering a new financial structure, with the replacement of preferred stock financing with debt financing. Additional use of debt increases the common stockholders’ required rate of return. The student is asked to compare the two weighted average costs of capital and identify the better financial structure for Eco Plastics Company. a. Cost of debt: Proceeds from sale of $1,000 par value bond: $1,000 − (average discount & floatation costs) $1,000 − ($45 + $32) = $923 Subsequent payments: Interest payments ($1,000 Ãâ€" 0.105) + Par value Before-tax cost of debt N = 20, PV = $923, PMT = −105, FV = −1,000 Solve for I = 11.50% After-tax cost of debt: ri = rd (1-T) = 11.5% (1−0.4) = 6.9% b. Cost of preferred stock: rp = Dp à · Np = (0.095 Ãâ€" $95) à · ($95 – $7) = $9.02 à · $88 = 10.25% c. Cost of common stock: rj = RF + [bj Ãâ€" (rm − RF)] = 0.04 + [1.3 Ãâ€" (0.13 − 0.04)] = 0.04 + [1.3 Ãâ€" 0.09] = 0.04 + 0.1170 = 15.7% d. Weighted average cost of capital: ra = (wi Ãâ€" ri) + (wp Ãâ€" rp) + (ws Ãâ€" rn) = (0.30 Ãâ€" 0.069) + (0.20 Ãâ€" 0.1025) + (0.50 Ãâ€" 0.157) = 0.0207 + 0.0205 + 0.785 = 0.1197, or about 12% e. 1. Change in risk Premium: Change in beta Ãâ€" market risk premium = (1.5 − 1.3) Ãâ€" (0.13 − 0.04) = 0.2 Ãâ€" 0.09 = 0.018 Shareholders require 1.8% more per year New cost of common equity: rj = RF + [bj Ãâ€" (rm − RF)] = 0.04 + [1.5 Ãâ€" (0.13 − 0.04)] = 0.04 + [1.5 Ãâ€" 0.09] = 0.04 + 0.1350 = 17.5% Note: 17.5% − 15.7% = 1.8% 2. Revised weighted average cost of capital: ra= (wi x ri) + (ws x rn) = (0.50 Ãâ€" 0.069) + (0.50 Ãâ€" 0.175) = 0.0345 + 0.0875 = 0.1220 3. Eco Plastics’ CFO should retain the cheaper current financial structure. Replacing preferred stock financing with debt financing results in more risk to the stockholders. The increase in stockholders’ required rate of return is more than offsets the advantage of using the low cost debt. If Eco Plastics’ CFO were to revise the capital structure, share price would fall and shareholder wealth would not be maximized.

A New World Not So Far Away Essays - Boston Theater District

A New World Not So Far Away Essays - Boston Theater District A New World Not So Far Away A New World Not So Far Away There are a lot of differences between the American and Chinese culture and values. Aspects such as philosophy, family values, time management, individuality, and religion are just some modern examples of the many differences between these two major industrial countries. However, one does not have to come from China to experience just how different and influential these cultures are. Throughout most of my childhood, I have been predominantly exposed to nothing but the Chinese culture. When my parents first immigrated to the United States from Canton, China, they rented a small apartment located right in the heart of Chinatown. Chinatown was my home, the place where I met all my friends, and the place where Id thought Id never leave. I spoke only Cantonese, both to my friends and to my parents. I was pretty much secluded from the outside world because I never left Chinatown, for I felt this was my home. However, my parents felt differently. They wanted me to adapt the American culture. By being more Americanized, they felt that life would be better and that my sister and I would be more accepted. For that reason, my family and I made the big move to the Sunset District ten years ago. A big move my parents hoped would be a quick assimilation into the mainstream the American culture- an assimilation that would ultimately change my values and my perceptions of my cultural background. When I moved from Chinatown to the Sunset District, I was completely amazed at how different it was compared to Chinatown. There was considerably less traffic and noise on the streets than in Chinatown. I remember, I would have to push my way to get through streets when I was in Chinatown. Another difference that I noticed was that all the children on my block were Caucasian, whereas in Chinatown I associated with predominantly Asian.. My home in Chinatown was an old Victorian apartment with a ceiling that was at least 15 feet high. I used to string my toy plane from the ceiling and let it fly circles propelled by a mini-fan attached to the back of the plane. It was a thrill to see the plane fly enormous circles. An old radiator located in the living room heated the apartment every winter. On cold winter nights, our family would gather inside that one warm room, since it was the only heated room, and just sit there with our blankets doing our daily chores and studies. My new home is quite modern, has central heating, and a much lower ceiling. This place was definitely different. How would I fit in? When I arrived at my new home, I was quickly plunged into the process of assimilation. My parents enrolled me into St. Annes, a Catholic school that consisted mostly of Caucasian. Although I am a quick learner, it was especially hard for me because I had to learn English. I did whatever I could to blend in. I bought cafeteria food and ate American lunches like bologna sandwiches and peanut butter and jelly. Most of my friends were Caucasian, and I joined clubs associated with Caucasians. I tried hard to fit in so that I would be accepted. I did whatever my friends did. I begged my parents to buy me trendy clothing and designer labels. The haircut I had was also very similar to that of my friends. I spoke like them and adopted their ways. I wanted no longer to be Asian. I hated that part of me. I just wanted to be American. I hoped that by doing everything they did and following their ways, I would be accepted despite the fact that I wasnt white. It was not until fifth grade that I began to grow more aware of my changed behavior. A new student, Bradford Chin, was enrolled into my class. Bradford reminded me of myself when I first came- conservative, traditional, and very studious. Not knowing any better, I felt somewhat embarrassed around him. I believed that his appearance would be a reminder to everyone of the person I was before. Because of this I ignored and avoided him as often as I could. One day, I was eating lunch with my friends and I glanced over

Risk Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Risk Management - Coursework Example A successful debris-control problem can significantly minimize the cost of FOD damage, as well as the possibility for injury to personnel. The paper investigates risk of ground damage on airports, which is a significant cost for airlines and airport operators. Foreign object debris manifest in diverse forms and emanates from diverse sources and can be located within an airport’s air operations area (AOA). FOD can yield to aircraft damage in the form of punctured or torn tires, engine failure, and nicked turbine/propeller blades. A FOD prevention program highlights aspects such as facility inspection, maintenance, and synchronization between all affected parties can reduce FOD as well it impacts (Castro, 2011). FOD can yield to damage via direct contact with airplanes by cutting the airplane tires, or injuring people or damaging airplanes after being propelled by the jet blast. The resultant damage can cost the aerospace industry close to $4 billion every year. Airports, airpor t tenants, and airlines can minimize this cost by embracing steps to safeguard airport FOD. Risk Assessment FOD programs derive from three fundamental areas of emphasis: first, it eradicates diverse categories of FOD inclusive of â€Å"processing debris† and treat all FOD as avoidable and with equal significance. Second, it re-emphasizes the role and authority for FOD safeguard at the operations level. Third, it promotes the significance of comprehensive independent evaluation by contractors and the government. Risk assessment against ground damage on airports is a significant cost for airlines and necessitates analysis of hazard scenarios (Sadgrove, 2005). The risk assessment module typically might address hazard scenarios during approach and landing; and, assessment scenarios as per the runway physical status (current situation, measures to minimize risk, and compliance). Risk analysis necessitates calculation of quantitative risk based on the approach for all scenarios (Ca stro, 2011). Assessment scenarios encompass detailed specifications suitable for all hazards spheres such as the present situation vs. regulatory compliance; the impact of projected internal/external development; and, cases incorporating diverse intermediate, as well as other measures such as removal of obstacles off and on the field, and modification of ground operations (Patankar & Taylor, 2004). Safety Risk Management can be categorized into three elements, namely: hazard identification, risk appraisal, and risk alleviation. The core objective of risk management centers on ensuring that all risks remain at an acceptable level. Risk assessment has overtime been one of the most challenging aspects of the risk management process for aviation operations. This arises from the subjectivity engaged in determining the severity of the consequences of damage from foreign objects and the absence of quantitative information on the likelihood of this occurring. Hazard identification centers o n collecting and analyzing safety data, which necessitates collection of safety data such as mandatory occurrence reports, safety reports, and safety surveys and audits. Hazard identification relates to collecting and appraising safety data, which is pertinent to spotlighting safety issues. Hazard identification avails the input for risk assessment. The analysis of risks entails probing existing controls and establishing whether they

New Treatment of Aortic Stenosis by Transcatheter Aortic Valve Research Paper

New Treatment of Aortic Stenosis by Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation - Research Paper Example The most common of aortic stenosis undergo in patients 65 years of age and over (called senile calcific aortic stenosis) (Kulick, 2012). General symptom of aortic stenosis patients are exertional dyspnea (shorten fatigue), angina pectoris (chest pain), syncopy (fainting), and congestive heart failure. Every aortic stenosis patient will be investigated by multidisciplinary team; 2 interventional cardiologists, 1 cardiac surgeon, and an anaesthesiologist (Bedogni et al., 2011). In general, the treatment for aortic stenosis patients, who are not showing symptoms of the disease, is to take medicine while the severely symptomatic aortic stenosis patients must have surgical aortic valve replacement. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is the new procedure for severe aortic stenosis treatment. The progression of this treatment makes it suitable for patients who are inoperable or very high risk with standard surgical aortic valve replacement. In addition, the procedure of TAVI is executed in a catheterization laboratory or hybrid operating room, under general anaesthesia and without cardiopulmonary bypass (Jean-Bernard et al., 2009). The procedure of TAVI is the device implant with two transcatheter aortic valves (the Edwards SAPIEN valve, ESV or the Medtronic Corevalve, MCV) with three approaches used (transfemoral, transaxillary, or transapical) (Godino et al., 2010). The transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) was underwent with the first patient in 2002 (Rodes-Cabau, 2010). Furthermore, TAVI clearly achieved safety and efficacy of the percutaneous treatment in aortic stenosis towards the end of 2010 (success rates > 90% and 30 days procedural mortality rates < 10%) (Rodes-Cabau, 2010). The aim of this case study will be to capture the progression of transcatheter aortic valve implantation, for patients who are inoperable or with very high surgical risk in standard aortic valve replacement. Firstly, it will briefly review the cause of aortic stenos is, followed by an explanation of transcatheter aortic valve implantation procedure with two difference transcatheter aortic valves and three difference approaches. Finally, the major effective procedure of TAVI and future development of TAVI will be discussed. Impact of Aortic Stenosis Degenerative Aortic Stenosis is the most common valve disease, and its prevalence is projected to increase in the coming years due to aging populations. This has implications not only for those specializing in cardiovascular disease; Aortic Stenosis is increasingly diagnosed and treated by other medical specialties, including internal medicine, geriatrics and intensive care. This point to the increasing rang of the impacts that aortic Stenosis has been established to have. The Aorta, both ascending and descending, is responsible for the circulation of oxygenates blood throughout the body. It is no wonder that the partial or complete Stenosis of the Aorta would lead to varied conditions that can be de tected either in Intensive care Unit, when the patient is in a stupor, or by the gastric, as a result of ventral pooling of blood, caused by its stagnation in the veins, venules, and arterioles. This pooling is caused by the lack of, or limited pressure from the Aorta, to help in the circulation of